Part 1: Research related to cognitive enhancement, including the development of nootropics and other technologies, has been a topic of interest for both military and civilian purposes. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has invested in research related to cognitive enhancement since 2011, and other countries such as Russia, France, and Canada have also been actively researching the use of cognitive enhancers for military purposes. Additionally, private companies and individuals are interested in nootropics and cognitive enhancement technologies for personal use, which has led to a growing market for over-the-counter nootropics and supplements. Researchers are also studying the potential medical applications of cognitive enhancers for people with neurodegenerative diseases. As research in the field of cognitive enhancement continues, new drugs and technologies are likely to be developed, including gene editing technologies such as CRISPR, and it remains to be seen how these developments will be regulated and used in the future.

Part 2:. DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, has invested in research related to cognitive enhancement, which includes the development of nootropics.

In 2011, DARPA launched a program called "Accelerated Learning," which aimed to enhance the speed and effectiveness of cognitive skills training for military personnel. The program focused on developing technologies and techniques that could enhance learning and memory, and included research on nootropics.

One specific area of research was the use of drugs to enhance cognitive performance. For example, DARPA funded a study by the University of Pennsylvania that investigated the use of the drug modafinil as a potential cognitive enhancer for military personnel. Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting drug that has been shown to improve cognitive performance in healthy adults.

DARPA has also funded research on other cognitive enhancement technologies, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which involves applying a small electric current to the brain to enhance cognitive function.

Overall, while DARPA has invested in research related to nootropics and other cognitive enhancement technologies, its focus is on developing technologies that can improve military performance and national security, rather than on the commercial development of consumer nootropic products.

Part 3: Russia has a history of conducting research in the field of nootropics and cognitive enhancement, dating back to the Soviet era. During the Cold War, Soviet researchers developed a number of drugs, including Piracetam and Phenotropil, which were used to enhance cognitive function and increase resistance to stress.

Today, Russia continues to invest in research into nootropics and other cognitive enhancement technologies, both for military and civilian purposes. In 2015, the Russian government announced the establishment of a new research center called t