How Can Animal Chromosomes Be Put Together via Endosymbiosis? (modified to clean up minor errors)

This movie is a grand summation of how hierarchical endosymbiosis may have been used to build the chromosomes we see in animals today and how cellular differentiation may occur in such chromosomes. It brings home the idea that animal centrosomes allowed hierarchical endosymbiosis to be used to build up chromosome structure very rapidly. In contrast, plants and fungi without centrosomes were unable to do this, mainly because of the presence of cell walls which interfere with uptake of whole cell endosymbionts (see also the movie “A Grand Unifying Theory of Biology?”.

It also discusses the paradox of Dolly, the cloned sheep. If DNA is irreversibly altered in adult cells and stem cells during embryonic development and later, how can a fully functioning adult sheep be cloned from an adult cell? As with all the other videos and blog, questions and interaction with the author are welcomed. This material is being freely presented as a public service to enhance such discussions in order to develop a better understanding of chromosome structure and how DNA and related molecules work together to make animals such as ourselves what we are today.